Parted Bridges

How and why are certain tunnels (or bridges) constructed…?
How does an engineer decide whether a bridge or tunnel is the best way to cross a particular body of water? Is the entire tunnel built below the rock bed of the water? In other words what is directly above and to the side of the tunnel rock or water? Why is the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel part bridge and part tunnel? Sorry to squeeze so many questions in but I’m quite curious.
Design engineers review and verify the constructability of either options and then the cost of each option with time schedule for completion, when bridge and tunnel are constructed sequentially, that means the site conditions prevail,
the tunnels under water has to be under the sea bed this is required to make sure that the sea bed conditions shall not be changed or current and tides are maintained , therefore the tunnel will be surrounded with rocks